The Pyramid of Khnum-Khufu, also known as the Great Pyramid of Giza or Cheops, is the oldest and largest of the three main pyramids that are part of the necropolis of Giza (Egypt). The infrastructure is built with blocks of granite, weighing approximately 2.5 t each. Completion of the work is estimated to have taken at least two and a half million blocks, put in place with millimeter precision in a short period of time, estimated at around 15 or 30 years. Despite being one of the oldest and largest monuments on Earth, to date, there is still no common and scientifically established idea on how the pyramids of Egypt were built. The Red Sea was the most important Harbor Facilities at the time of King Khufu, where an exceptionally well-preserved harbor complex from the Early Old Kingdom at Wadi al-Jarf along the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea has been excavated.
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- Speed of Light / Latitude / Circles Circumference Difference - The latitude of the Great Pyramid of Giza’s center (accurate to within 5 meters) is 29.9792° N — a number that exactly matches the speed of light in a vacuum: 299,792 km/s. This number also appears when calculating the difference between the circumferences of two circles—one inscribed within the base of the pyramid and one circumscribed around it. Using the pyramid’s average base length of 230.38 meters (a reconstructed estimate of the original base length), the difference between these two circumferences falls within an error margin that allows the result to be exactly 299.792 meters—the same number sequence as the speed of light in km/s.
- True North Alignment - The Great Pyramid is aligned to true north with an error of only 3 to 5 arcminutes (~0.07 degrees). This is more precise than the Greenwich Observatory, and unmatched by any modern structure until recent centuries.
- Pi (π) and Golden Ratio (Φ) - If you divide the pyramid’s perimeter by its height × 2, you get a close approximation of pi (π). The ratio of the slant height to half the base is close to the golden ratio (Φ). Additionally, the ratio of the pyramid’s height to the base half-length approximates √Φ, and the ratio of the surface area of the four triangular faces to the base area is also close to Φ. As far as we know, the ancient Egyptians had no precise method for deriving pi or the golden ratio, making these findings a curious and still unexplained feature of the structure.
- Base Precision - The sides of the base differ in length by less than 20 cm over 230+ meters. Squareness error is less than 0.05%, which is extraordinary for stone construction.
- Eight-Sided Structure (Concave Faces) - The Great Pyramid subtly has eight sides, visible during specific equinox sunlight conditions. Each side is slightly concave, creating a unique phenomenon.